Basic Definition Chemistry

 BASIC DEFINITIONS (Roman Urdu)

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Chemistry:
Chemistry matter ka aur uski interactions dusre matter aur energy ke sath ka study hai.

Matter:
Har wo cheez jiska rest mass ho.

Atom:
Ek neutral particle jo nucleus (mass rakhta hai) aur electrons (volume lete hain) se mil kar banta hai.

Electron:
Subatomic particle jiska charge –1 hota hai.

Nucleus:
Nucleus do qisam ke subatomic particles se mil kar banta hai:

• Protons: charge +1 ke sath.
• Neutrons: charge 0 (yaani no charge).

Atomic Number (Z):
Atom ke nucleus mein protons ki tadaad.

Mass Number (A):
Nucleus mein protons aur neutrons ki total tadaad.
(A = Z + neutrons).

Element:
Ek substance jo ek qisam ke atoms se bana ho aur sab ka atomic number same ho.

Symbol:
Har element ka aik ya do letters ka nishan hota hai. Pehla letter capital aur doosra small hota hai. Symbols zyada tar Latin, Greek ya German se liye gaye hote hain.
Misal: Iron = Fe.

Metallic Element:
Aise substances jinke andar metallic lustre hota hai, jo heat aur electricity conduct karte hain, aur malleable aur ductile hote hain.
Misal: Copper.

Non-metallic Element:
Aise substances jinke andar metallic properties nahi hoti. Ye periodic table ke dashed line ke right side hote hain.
Misal: Nitrogen.

Metalloid (Semimetal):
Wo elements jinke andar metals aur non-metals dono ki properties hoti hain.
Misal: Arsenic.

Molecule:
Ek discrete neutral particle jo definite number of atoms se bana hota hai aur atoms apas mein chemical bonds se jude hote hain.

Substance:
Ek pure type ka matter. Ye do qisam ka ho sakta hai:

• Elemental (jaise Oxygen, Aluminium).
• Compound (jaise Water, Sugar).

Relative Atomic Mass (Ar):
Ek element ke naturally occurring isotopes ka weighted average mass, Carbon-12 isotope ke reference se.

Isotopes:
Ek hi element ke wo atoms jinke protons ki tadaad barabar ho (atomic number same) magar neutrons ki tadaad alag ho.
Misal: Carbon ke isotopes → C-12 (6p, 6n), C-13 (6p, 7n), C-14 (6p, 8n).

Radioactivity:
Jab unstable nuclei apne aap toot kar radiation ya particles nikalti hain.

Allotrope:
Ek hi element ki mukhtalif forms jo atoms ki arrangement ki wajah se alag hoti hain.
Misal:

• Carbon → Diamond aur Graphite.
• Oxygen → O₂ (dioxygen) aur O₃ (ozone).

Compound:
Ek pure substance jo do ya do se zyada elements ke atoms ko fixed ratio mein chemically combine karke banta hai.
Misal:

• Ammonia (NH₃).
• Sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁).
• Silica (SiO₂).

Binary Compound:
Wo compound jo sirf do elements se bana ho.
Misal: HCl (Hydrogen Chloride), H₂O (Water).

Ion:
Ek charged particle.

• Cation (+): Positive ion (kam electrons).
• Anion (–): Negative ion (ziyada electrons).

Ionic Compound:
Compound jo ions se mil kar banta hai aur overall electrically neutral hota hai.
Misal:

• Na₂SO₄ (Sodium Sulfate) → Sodium (Na⁺) aur Sulfate (SO₄²⁻).
• (NH₄)₂SO₄ (Ammonium Sulfate) → Ammonium (NH₄⁺) aur Sulfate (SO₄²⁻).
• Na₂SiO₃ (Sodium Silicate).
• NaCl (Sodium Chloride).

Phase:
Matter ki state, jo normally teen hoti hain:

• Gas (g)
• Liquid (l)
• Solid (s)

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• Phase change: Jab ek substance ek state se doosri state main badal jata hai, isay phase change kehte hain.
• Crystalline solid: Aisi solid jismein atoms ya molecules ek orderly tareeqe se arranged hote hain.
• Mixture: Aisi cheez jo do ya do se zyada substances ka milap ho aur jise physical tareeqon se alag kiya ja sakta ho.
• Homogeneous mixture: Aisa mixture jo ek jaisa hota hai aur har sample same hota hai (jaise: sugar water).
• Heterogeneous mixture: Aisa mixture jismein alag alag particles dikhai dete hain, aur samples same nahi hote (jaise: smoke in air).
• Solution: Ek homogeneous mixture (zyada tar ek solvent aur ek solute se mil kar banta hai).
• Solvent: Woh component jo solution mein sabse zyada amount mein hota hai (jaise: water in seawater).
• Solute: Woh component jo solution mein kam amount mein hota hai (jaise: salt in seawater).
• Aqueous solution: Aisa solution jismein solvent paani hota hai.
• Crystallization: Jab solute solution se nikal kar crystals banata hai.
• Colloid: Aisa mixture jismein chhote chhote particles ek medium mein evenly dispersed hote hain (jaise: aerosol, foam, emulsion).

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• Chemical bonds: Forces jo atoms ko ek molecule mein jod kar rakhti hain.
• Valence: Woh number jo batata hai ke ek atom kitne bonds bana sakta hai.
• Polymer: Aisi badi molecule jo chhoti chhoti repeated units (monomers) se mil kar bani hoti hai.
• Free-radical: Ek atom ya ion jismein ek unpaired electron hota hai aur jo bohot reactive hota hai.
• Organic chemistry: Carbon aur uske compounds ki chemistry, khaaskar woh jo living systems mein paayi jati hain.
• Inorganic chemistry: Carbon ke alawa compounds ki chemistry (lekin CO, CO₂ aur carbonates include hote hain).
• Nomenclature: Substances ka naming system.

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• Chemical formulae: Symbols aur formulas ka istemal jo compounds ko represent karte hain.
• Molecular formula: Ek molecule ka formula jo usme maujood atoms ke type aur number ko show karta hai (jaise: H₂O).
• Empirical formula: Woh formula jo ek compound mein atoms ka simplest ratio show karta hai (jaise: CH₂O for glucose).
• Mineral: Naturally occurring solid substance jiska specific composition aur crystalline structure hota hai (jaise: quartz).

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• Chemical bond: Force jo atoms ko molecules mein jor kar rakhta hai.

• Valence: Ek atom ki bonding capacity, yani ek atom kitne atoms se jud sakta hai.

• Polymer: Bari molecule jo chhoti chhoti repeating units (monomers) se mil kar banti hai.

• Free-radical: Aisa atom ya ion jismein ek unpaired electron hota hai, aur bohot reactive hota hai.

• Organic chemistry: Carbon aur uske compounds ki chemistry, khaaskar jo living systems mein hoti hai.

• Inorganic chemistry: Carbon ke ilawa sab compounds ki chemistry (CO, CO₂ aur carbonates ko include karke).

• Nomenclature: Substances ko name dene ka scientific tareeqa.

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